Tropical Africa Food Production and the Inquiry Model Essay Example For Students

Tropical Africa: Food Production and the Inquiry Model Essay Tropical Africa: Food Production and the Inquiry Model Essay Hunger is the result of disasters such as drought, floods, the changing of the jet stream patterns and other natural disasters. They are beyond our control. It has been estimated that one third of the land in Tropical Africa is potentially cultivable, though only about 6% of it is currently cultivated. However, to change farming from a low-input low-yield pattern to a high-input, high-yield pattern necessitates the use of more fertilizer and the planting of high-yielding varieties of crops We will write a custom essay on Tropical Africa: Food Production and the Inquiry Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are a number of environmental factors, related mostly to climate, soils and health, resisting easy developmental solutions. Rainfall reliability is closely connected to rainfall quantity The rainfall in the equatorial heart is very plentiful and reliable. However, there is much less rainfall towards the outer edges of the rain belt. Periodic and unpredictable droughts are a characteristic feature of these border zones. There are three climatic zones in Tropical Africa: 1.a region of persistent rain at and near the Equator 2.a region on each side of this of summer rain and winter drought, and 3.a region at the northern and southern edges afflicted by drought. All the climates listed in the previous paragraph are modified in the eastern parts of Tropical Africa by the mountains and monsoons. The soils of Tropical Africa pose another problem. They are unlike the soils of temperate areas. Soils are largely products of their climates, and tropical soils are different from temperate soils because the climate is different. Because of the great heat of the tropics tends to bake the soils, while on the other hand, the rainfall leaches them. The combined heat and moisture tend to produce very deep soils because the surface rock is rapidly broken down by chemical weathering. All this causes the foods rate of growth to slow down or maybe even stop and as a result food production wont even come close in catching up to the rate of population increase; therefore starvation and hunger is present. In the process of a flood and drought, the roots of trees are shallow and virtually no nutrients are obtained from the soil. The vegetation survives on its own humus waste, which is plentiful. If the vegetation is cleared, then the source of humus is removed and the natural infertility of the soils becomes obvious. As being another factor, this will cause the soil to produce wasteful and useless products which in turn will decrease the production. To conclude this essay, the climates in Tropical Africa take a big role as being factors that could endanger or destroy the process of plantation. On the other hand, it could also bring good fortune if climatic regions are fairly good. .

The Protective Effect of Linseed Oil Against Carbendazim Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats

The Protective Effect of Linseed Oil Against Carbendazim Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats Free Online Research Papers Absract Carbendazim (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate), a metabolite of benomyl, is one of the most widespread environmental contaminants of major concern to human and animal reproductive health. The present investigation was undertaken to study the possible protective effect of linseed oil on carbendazim induced testicular toxicity. Adult albino male rats of the Sprague Dawley strain were administered with carbendazim (100 mg/(kg /day orally) . The control animals received vehicle (corn oil) alone. Also, four other groups of rats were treated by vitamin E (Vit E) (200mg/kg /day orally), carbendazim + Vit E, linseed oil (1.5 g/kg/day, orally), or carbendazim + linseed oil. All the treatments were continued for 48 days. After the treatment period, animals were euthanized, blood samples were taken, prostate and seminal vesicles were removed and weighed. Testes were also quickly removed, encapsulated and utilized for the estimation of the following parameters: sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormalities. Malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase anti oxidant biomarkers activities were estimated in the testes homogenate. Activities of testicular acetylcholine esterase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes as well as serum testosterone levels were also determined. The obtained results explored that linseed oil possesses significant protective potential against carbendazim testicular toxic effects. It normalized the weight reductions induced in prostate, seminal vesicles and testes, and protected against the decrease in sperm count, motility and viability as well as, the increase in sperm abnormalities. In addition linseed oil restored the antioxidant activities (reduced the malondialdehyde level, increased the reduced glutathione, superoxid dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels) that were harmfully affected by carbendazim. Moreover, linseed oil daily oral feeding antagonized the produced significant changes in acetylcholine esterase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes, and restored the serum level of testosterone. The linseed oil proposed protective effect(s) as illustrated in the present work, may be due to its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory potentials. Keywords: carbendazim, testicular dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, Vit. E, linseed oil. Research Papers on The Protective Effect of Linseed Oil Against Carbendazim Induced Testicular Toxicity in RatsGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Describe the importance of angiogenesis for the development and Essay

Describe the importance of angiogenesis for the development and treatment of cancer - Essay Example More than a dozen dissimilar proteins have been recognized as angiogenic activators and inhibitors as well. The extent of appearance of angiogenic factors reveals the forcefulness of tumor cells fostering the cancer. The detection of angiogenic inhibitors should assist in lowering both morbidity and possible mortality resulting from carcinomas. A significant number of patients have obtained antiangiogenic therapy up to this moment. In spite of their speculative effectiveness, antiangiogeic treatments have not demonstrated advantageous in terms of long-term survival of patient and the mitigation of the carcinoma (Kerbel 2040). There is an imperative necessity for a new all-inclusive treatment approach merging antiangiogenic agents with conservative cytoreductive treatment in the regulation of cancer that poses as worldwide menace. Keywords: Angiogenesis, Prognosis, Immunohistochemistry Introduction Cancer is capable of spreading to bordering or distant organs and the organ systems, wh ich renders it a potential threat to life. The tumor cells can go through blood or lymphatic vessels. Additionally, they can then circulate through the intravascular stream, and then propagate at another site: metastasis. The development of the vascular network is imperative for the metastatic multiplication of cancer tissue. The processes in which new blood and lymphatic vessels result are referred to as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, in that order (Shih, Lindley and Bevacizumab 1801). In this case both processes have a fundamental function in the generation of a new vascular net to supply nutrients, oxygen and immune cells into the system, as well as facilitating the elimination of waste products. The angiogenic and lymphangiogenic determinants are gradually more receiving consideration, particularly in the area dealing with neoplastic vascularisation (Gotink and Verheul 12). As per the above explanations, this exercise intends to describe the importance of angiogenesis for t he development and treatment of cancer. The description of the essence of the angiogenesis targets the provision of a comprehensive approach on the connection of the angiogenesis with cancer (Siemann 68). Therefore, it is logical to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the angiogenesis. Through this, it would be easier to understand the principles behind the operation and hence its exact means of development and cancer treatment by angiogenesis (Achen 550). Angiogenesis in Cancer Angiogenesis incorporate the formation of new blood vessels in a particular body tissue, tissues or organs (Nishida et al 213). The angiogenesis process entails the migration of endothelial cells, their growth and differentiation into tissues or specialized cells (Andre et al 178). The angiogenesis process is regulated by the bodily chemical signals (Cook p 232). The signals can foster both the repair of the deformed or damaged blood vessels and the creation of new blood vessels (Amioka et al. 416). The ch emical inhibitors are also chemical signals that intervene during the angiogenesis process and hence the formation of the blood vessels. Under the normal functionality of the body systems, the chemical signals are controlled so that the blood vessels are only formed at the required parts of the body organs (Boocock Charnock and Sharkey 512). Cancer only endangers life through the

Discussion board homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion board homework - Coursework Example The outdoor, fitness and aviation segments contributed to 63% of the revenue. A loss in foreign currency has been realized of $ 44 million compared to a gain of $ 12 million last year, and the company is projecting earnings of about $ 2.88 billion in terms of revenue. The outdoor segment and auto segment have a decline in revenue of 10% and 11% respectively. For the auto sector, it has been because of a fall in the Personal Navigation Device (PND) industry, as a result of competition from the mobile industry and other competitors. The article remains significant in the essay as it not only provided crucial financial information but indicates the diverse segments where the company excels. With the above research, comprehensive business analysis can be put in place for Garmin, and this can aid in outlining the areas of strength and weaknesses. It is because the figures clearly depict the revenue generated from each segment. The data above can thus be used to come up with a strategy primarily to strengthen the areas where the company is likely to maximize its net income. For instance, it can concentrate in the fitness segment that has gained popularity, and that is likely to generate supernatural

Death of a salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death of a salesman - Essay Example After the accident and constant nagging by his wife Linda about his condition, he finally decides to confront his boss about allowing him to work from home but this was never to be. His boss just as expected of people in higher authoritative positions refuses and even implies that he does not want the job and is using the accident as an excuse. This leads him to being fired and he returns home having lost what seems to be an opportunity for a brighter and better future. As for Biff, his dream is also going down the drain as his former employer seems to have lost any recollection of him ever working there. He has gone to the office to provide business proposition ideas which are evident of the fresh mind of many young American people but they are turned down killing his spirit. Even though his intentions are not purely personal (as he seeks to appease his father which is typical of young men to their fathers or role models), he is still trying to make an effort towards bettering his future and becoming useful positive contributor in society. What is so bad is the fact that it seems that it is only their family that seems to have problems. This is evident where Willy meets Bernard his neighbor’s son who seems to be successful in his career as a lawyer. This not only angers him and makes him feel humiliated but also feels that his sons are losers which ultimately lead to a confrontation not only from their father but their mother as well. The father carries big dreams for his children and especially his son Biff (which is evident from his flashback) and he seems to still hold to them and assume the present situation where his son has achieved nothing and is even a petty thief. It is this frustration that makes Biff and Willy confront each other some more as he tries to make him be realistic and let go of these dreams he still holds dear and which are now even participating in his detrimental state of mind. The play closes with Willy showing love to

Overview Of Domestic Violence Criminology Essay

Overview Of Domestic Violence Criminology Essay Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, or intimate partner violence, is any threatening behaviour, violence, or abuse between adults who are or have been in a relationship (Saunders Barron, 2004). HM Prison Service has employed the following definition of DV: Actual, attempted, or threatened physical harm perpetrated by a man or woman against someone with whom he or she has, or has had, an intimate, sexual relationship (Kropp, Hart, Webster, Eaves, 1999). Psychological abuse has not been included in this definition because of the complexities surrounding this term. However, as other theories include this form of abuse, it will be discussed within this review. Domestic abuse accounts for 14% of all violent crimes and has more repeat victims than any other offence. Repeat victimisation accounts for two-thirds of domestic abuse incidents, and a fifth of victims have been abused on three occasions or more (Walker, Flatley, Kershaw, Moon, 2009). Spousal abuse takes place throughout society, regardless of gender, age, sexuality, race, location, or affluence; however, victims of domestic assault are more likely to be women (National Crime Victimization Survey, 2007). Children can also be severely affected by what they witness and often show the highest levels of behavioural and emotional disturbance (OKeefe, 1994). In addition, they may be accidentally injured due to being embroiled in the violence perpetrated towards their mother, they could be subjected to intentional abuse by the male perpetrator, or they may receive physical abuse from their over-stressed mother (Abrahams, 1994). Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between child abuse and DV, in that those who are abused as children are more likely to become perpetrators of abuse as adults (Walby Allen, 2004). DV can be psychological, physical, or sexual (Department of Health, 2005). Psychological abuse can include isolation from loved ones, blackmail of harm to others if they should convey contentment or self-sufficiency, humiliation, controlling what they can and cannot do, withholding information from them, restricting their finances and access to resources, or belittling them and making them feel embarrassed. Physical abuse involves contact with the intention of causing injury, pain, or intimidation (Shipway, 2004). Sexual abuse is prevalent in assaultive relationships with between a third and half of abused women being raped by their partners on at least one occasion (Myhill Allen, 2002). Sexual assault is considered to be any occasion during which force is used to acquire engagement in unwanted, degrading, or unsafe, sexual activity. Women who are assaulted both sexually and physically are also at increased risk of being seriously or fatally injured (Stark Flitcraft, 1996). Regardless of the form of abuse, it often occurs on more than one occasion. DV is generally a pattern of controlling and abusive behaviour, which a perpetrator uses to gain power over a partner (Walby, 2004). A range of studies, which follow, have examined the physical and emotional consequences of being subjected to abuse by an intimate partner. The female victims of male partner violence often experience psychological difficulties (Foa, Cascardi, Zoellner Feeny, 2000) including features of trauma (Kemp, Green, Hovanitz Rawlings, 1995). They struggle with issues such as self-esteem (Aguilar Nightingale, 1994), stress and depression (Campbell Lewandowski, 1997) and employment (National Research Council, 1996). Theories of DV There are numerous theories which attempt to explain DV. These are discussed below, along with an overview of the Healthy Relationships Programme (HRP) and its theoretical basis According to psychodynamic theory, due to an ordeal from childhood, or a personality disorder, some people are prone to violence. Therefore, their abusive behaviour is a symptom of a deep-seated psychological problem. Consequently, it claims that the issue of DV should be addressed by identifying the subconscious problem, then consciously remedying it (Saunders, 1996). Critics of psychodynamic theory argue that this simply allots a label to perpetrators of DV, which permits them to remain abusive until their emotional issues are managed (Healey, Smith OSullivan, 1998). According to Pro-Feminist theory, male to female DV is due to the patriarchal organisation of society where the male is viewed as the head of the family and other social institutions. As a result of this, perpetrators often believe that they are permitted to control the actions of their partner. Should their authority be threatened, they respond with violence in order to regain control, whilst holding the belief that their behaviour is warranted (Healey et al, 1998). Using data from the USA, Yllo and Straus (1990) examined the association between spousal abuse and patriarchy. They discovered that American states which gave women the highest and lowest standing in society had greater incidents of female intimate partner abuse. They claimed that states where females had high standing and spousal abuse figures were increased, was due to mens perception that their masculinity is threatened. Conversely, in states where women had low standing and spousal abuse figures were high, this was f elt to denote patriarchal norms. This theory has been criticised by Dutton (1994) for over-emphasising socio-cultural factors, whilst excluding individual factors. In addition, he argued that their explanation of DV was insufficient. Cognitive-behavioural theory proposes that DV is due to the re-enactment of abuse from childhood experiences or media influence, and that assaultive behaviour is rewarded. It further claims that through abuse, the perpetrator succeeds in obtaining what he wants, which is strengthened through acquiescence on the part of the victim (Hamill, Hayward, Wynn Craven, 1997). Family systems theory argues that behavioural problems derive from a dysfunctional family, where everybody is responsible for conflict. Consequently, DV is a result of intimate partners interacting together; therefore, neither is classed as the abuser, regardless of whether only one of them displays physical violence (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy Sugarman, 1996). Both Pro-Feminist and Cognitive-Behavioural approaches criticise this approach by maintaining that DV does not involve joint responsibility, perpetrators are entirely responsible for their behaviour, victims are in no way to blame for the abuse they experience, and nobody provokes violence. They maintain that this approach encourages victim blaming (Browne, 1993). Disempowerment theory states that men who have low self-esteem or perceive themselves as being inadequate are at risk of using violence to assert power (Archer, 1994). Consequently, they redress this by attempting to control those they are threatened by (Gondolf, Fisher, Fisher McPherson, 1988). This theory states that individual traits, such as self esteem and psychological symptoms, increase risk of DV based on personality-oriented factors, such as attachment style. Family of origin factors, such as violence in the home and child abuse, occur during developmental years, and provide conflict resolution for the children as adults. Relationship characteristics, such as partner satisfaction and emotional dependency, can place a person at risk of being domestically abusive (McKenry, Serovich, Mason, Mosack, 2006). Attachment theory claims that DV is a result of anger due to desires that are not fulfilled. Bartholomew Horowitz (1991) developed a four-category model of attachment, which is now widely used in the research of domestic abuse. This includes a secure attachment style, displayed as an ease with independence and closeness; fearful, such as those who are socially avoidant; dismissing, those who rebuff attachment; and preoccupied, such as overly dependent and ambivalent types. Fearful and dismissing styles are typified by high attachment avoidance, or discomfort with intimacy associated with a negative other model. Preoccupied and fearful styles are typified by high attachment anxiety, or a fear of abandonment and rejection associated with a negative self model (Corcoran Mallinckrodt, 2000). The theory which underpins the HRP, Duttons (1995) nested ecological approach, incorporates varied aspects of abusive attitudes and behaviour. It explains DV as multi-determined, taking into account the interpersonal context and the characteristics of the abuser. Consequently, this then provides clinical direction to address DV. The model is composed of four levels which all have an effect on each other. The first is the culture, know as the Macrosystem beliefs which stem from ones culture, such as a womens place is in the home; second is the subculture, Exosystem surrounding social structures, such as the influence of peers; third is the family, Microsystem immediate environment, such as the issues that led to the abusive behaviour, and the effects of it; and finally, the individual, Ontogenetic level personal traits, such as learned habits. The Macrosystem incorporates societal and cultural values and beliefs and also has an influence on the Exosystem, Microsystem and Ontogenet ic level. Theories underpinning different offending behaviour programmes have received criticism for their uni-dimensional approach. Consequently, the nested ecological model addresses this by integrating the various facets of abusive attitudes and behaviour. The HRP is based on this model of change and includes elements from the Power and Control wheel (Pence Paymer, 1986), so that perpetrators abusive behaviours can be identified and challenged. The wheel demonstrates how violence is connected to male power and control. According to this model, the abuser maintains control over his partner through constant acts of coercion, intimidation and isolation interspersed with sporadic acts of violence (Healey et al, 1998). The nested ecological model also supports the cognitive-behavioural treatment approach to treatment (e.g., Andrews and Bonta, 1998). Evidence to support Duttons (1995) nested ecological model is provided by OLeary, Smith-Slep OLeary (2007) and Stith, Smith, Penn, Ward Tritt (2004) who revealed how numerous features of the different ecological levels function with each other to predict DV. OLeary et al stated that causal variables for male to female DV included the amount of social support the perpetrator felt they had, expression of anger, and being a witness to family violence. This study emphasises the importance of using an integrated approach from a range of viewpoints to research DV, in particular from ontogenetic and psychological perspectives. The Stith et al study reported that factors associated less with DV are those which are the furthest from the violent act, such as those linked to the exosystem. Conversely, when attempting to understand DV, the features that are most directly associated with the violent context and the individual are most significant. However, a limitation with this finding is that Stith et al did not consider issues that are relevant to the wider society and culture. A single-factor explanation of DV has been criticised for considering perpetrators to be an homogenous set of people and not taking into account the different individual features of the offenders and their use of violence (Graham-Kevan, 2007). Furthermore, it does not clarify why some men are abusive towards their partners, whilst others are not (Dutton, 1995). How the Healthy Relationships Programme addresses Domestic Violence The HRP is a cognitive behavioural intervention that targets moderate to high-risk adult male offenders of intimate partner violence or homicide. The High Intensity HRP has 10 modules containing 62 group sessions, with the option of adding more, and are delivered at a rate of 3-4 per week. There are also a minimum of 10 individual sessions throughout the programme. The goals of the HRP are to reduce the risk of physical and psychological abuse against intimate partners and their children by men who are currently imprisoned. Skills are taught to assist with this, and to establish healthy, non-abusive relationships. The programme deals with attitudes supportive of spousal assault, and provides group members with the skills to change the way in which they behave abusively in their intimate relationships. It is anticipated that the programme will tackle perpetrators with multiple criminogenic needs and a long-standing pattern of abusive behaviour. Both current and past partners of participants are contacted during the programme. They are cautioned that the perpetrators attendance is not an assurance that he will no longer be violent or abusive. Partners are advised of treatment resources available in their community, and offered a victims package to ensure safety. They are also provided with support and general information about domestic abuse.

Essay --

DESCRIBE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOLE TRADER. AS A SOLE TRADER, EXPLAIN THE KEY STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP AN INTERIOR DESIGN SERVICE. Sole Trader A sole trader is a self employed person running a business as an individual. As a sole trader you are responsible for: †¢ Completing a self assesment tax return every year. †¢ Any debts that your business incurs. †¢ Paying national insurance and income tax on any profit that your business makes. †¢ Keeping records of sales and expenses (bookkeeping). †¢ Putting your own name and/or business name on any official paperwork. †¢ Bills for stock and equipment for the business †¢ You must register for VAT if your business takings exceed  £79,000.00 a year. When setting up an interior design service as a sole trader the key steps to be taken are: †¢ To think about and decide what your personal and financial business aspirations are. †¢ Be prepared to do what it takes to get your business up and running , there will be long hours, financial outlay, and you should be able to handle rejection and negagtivity, when the going gets tough. †¢ Be realistic and understand the tasks involved in setting up and running your business. †¢ Create a realistic working business plan, this can be done with the help of a solicitor or accountant. Your business plan is not set in stone, infact it should be reviewed with the continued progression of your business. A business plan will map out the direction your business should take and by working through it should also hi-light any possible flaws in your business idea. Your business plan is also an essential tool if you are intending to borrow any money as any prospective lender will want to know what they are abou... ...uides Display books †¢ You will also need to budget for and make consumable purchases. The following list is a guide: Ink cartridges and paper for printer Business stationery and envelopes Pens and Pencils Eraser and putty rubber Scalpel blades Spray mount/glue Notebooks and pads Presentation materials (card etc) Staples and paperclips †¢ Set up trade accounts with relevant suppliers. †¢ Create a marketing plan to sell your products and services. †¢ Make up display books to take with you when you visit your client. This will be a way of displaying your skills and versatility. †¢ Spread the word, promote your business in everyway possible, tell all your friends, relatives, acquaintances, related businesses and sub contractors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites www.wikipedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.gov.uk www.smarta.com Essay -- DESCRIBE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOLE TRADER. AS A SOLE TRADER, EXPLAIN THE KEY STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP AN INTERIOR DESIGN SERVICE. Sole Trader A sole trader is a self employed person running a business as an individual. As a sole trader you are responsible for: †¢ Completing a self assesment tax return every year. †¢ Any debts that your business incurs. †¢ Paying national insurance and income tax on any profit that your business makes. †¢ Keeping records of sales and expenses (bookkeeping). †¢ Putting your own name and/or business name on any official paperwork. †¢ Bills for stock and equipment for the business †¢ You must register for VAT if your business takings exceed  £79,000.00 a year. When setting up an interior design service as a sole trader the key steps to be taken are: †¢ To think about and decide what your personal and financial business aspirations are. †¢ Be prepared to do what it takes to get your business up and running , there will be long hours, financial outlay, and you should be able to handle rejection and negagtivity, when the going gets tough. †¢ Be realistic and understand the tasks involved in setting up and running your business. †¢ Create a realistic working business plan, this can be done with the help of a solicitor or accountant. Your business plan is not set in stone, infact it should be reviewed with the continued progression of your business. A business plan will map out the direction your business should take and by working through it should also hi-light any possible flaws in your business idea. Your business plan is also an essential tool if you are intending to borrow any money as any prospective lender will want to know what they are abou... ...uides Display books †¢ You will also need to budget for and make consumable purchases. The following list is a guide: Ink cartridges and paper for printer Business stationery and envelopes Pens and Pencils Eraser and putty rubber Scalpel blades Spray mount/glue Notebooks and pads Presentation materials (card etc) Staples and paperclips †¢ Set up trade accounts with relevant suppliers. †¢ Create a marketing plan to sell your products and services. †¢ Make up display books to take with you when you visit your client. This will be a way of displaying your skills and versatility. †¢ Spread the word, promote your business in everyway possible, tell all your friends, relatives, acquaintances, related businesses and sub contractors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites www.wikipedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.gov.uk www.smarta.com